1. Earthquakes 🌀

Happen when plates suddenly slip past each other along faults.

The built-up stress is released as seismic waves, shaking the ground.

Most common at transform boundaries (like the San Andreas Fault).

2. Volcanoes 🌋

Form when molten rock (magma) rises to the surface.

Occur mainly at convergent boundaries (subduction zones) and divergent boundaries (mid-ocean ridges).

Example: The Pacific “Ring of Fire.”

3. Mountain Ranges ⛰️

Created when two continental plates collide and push land upward.

Example: The Himalayas formed when the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate.

4. Ocean Trenches 🌊

Very deep, narrow valleys in the ocean floor.

Form at convergent boundaries where an oceanic plate is forced beneath another plate (subduction).

Example: The Mariana Trench, the deepest part of Earth’s oceans.